如果在成長過程中習慣了被周全地照顧,或是家裡總是傳遞著「不能與父母分開」的訊號,那麼「獨立」對你來說可能更像是一場心理冒險。研究指出,父母的過度保護行為(Overprotection)雖然通常出於關愛,但往往會無意間向孩子傳遞「世界是危險的」訊號,進而限制了孩子練習應對挑戰與建立自信的機會 (Clarke et al., 2013)。
這種在缺乏自主性練習的環境下成長的經歷,會削弱個體的自我效能感 (Self-efficacy),使得長大後在面對獨處或分離時,容易感到極大的不安與焦慮 (Jones et al., 2021)。這並非父母的錯,只是當年的教養方式在心理韌性上留下了待補足的印記。
Bögels, S. M., Knappe, S., & Clark, L. A. (2013). Adult separation anxiety disorder in DSM-5. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(5), 663–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.03.006
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. Basic Books.
Clarke, K., Cooper, P., & Creswell, C. (2013). The Parental Overprotection Scale: Associations with child and parental anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(2), 618-624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.07.007
Jones, L. B., Hall, B. A., & Kiel, E. J. (2021). Systematic review of the link between maternal anxiety and overprotection. Journal of Affective Disorders, 295, 541-551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.065
Shear, K., Jin, R., Ruscio, A. M., Walters, E. E., & Kessler, R. C. (2006). Prevalence and correlates of estimated DSM-IV child and adult separation anxiety disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(6), 1074–1083. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2006.163.6.1074