心理學上,「童年陰影(childhood trauma or adverse childhood experiences, ACEs)」通常指的是早期生活中對心理產生長期負面影響的經驗。這些經驗包括情緒忽視、父母爭吵、身體或語言暴力、甚至長期感受不到愛與安全感等(Felitti et al., 1998)。
Arntz, A., & Weertman, A. (1999). Treatment of childhood memories: Theory and practice. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37(8), 715–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00173-9
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. Basic Books.
Bradshaw, J. (1992). Homecoming: Reclaiming and Championing Your Inner Child. Bantam Books.
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., … & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258.
Freud, S. (1914). Remembering, Repeating and Working-Through. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, 12, 146-156.
Neff, K. D. (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85–101.
Pennebaker, J. W., & Chung, C. K. (2011). Expressive writing: Connections to physical and mental health. In H. S. Friedman (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of health psychology (pp. 417–437). Oxford University Press.
Siegel, D. J. (2012). The developing mind: How relationships and the brain interact to shape who we are (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.
van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. Viking.
Verrastro, V., Cuzzocrea, F., Calaresi, D., & Saladino, V. (2024). Childhood Emotional Abuse, Neuroticism, Perfectionism, and Workaholism in an Italian Sample of Young Workers. Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 14(4), 298. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14040298
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